1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:03,720 --> 00:00:08,099 The Nazi regime lasted from 1933 to 1945 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 4 00:00:08,100 --> 00:00:09,359 and was undoubtedly 5 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:11,733 one of the most horrific periods of history. 6 00:00:15,300 --> 00:00:17,339 To begin to understand Hitler, 7 00:00:17,340 --> 00:00:19,259 you've really gotta understand 8 00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:22,593 that he was the most amazing demagogue. 9 00:00:24,510 --> 00:00:25,679 The Nazi Party 10 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:28,469 and its immoral leader instilled one 11 00:00:28,470 --> 00:00:30,029 of the most corrupt regimes 12 00:00:30,030 --> 00:00:33,332 on the people of Germany and its invisible enemies. 13 00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,893 However, Adolf Hitler was not working alone. 14 00:00:42,510 --> 00:00:44,279 It's the SS men doing the, 15 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:46,139 not only the exterminations, 16 00:00:46,140 --> 00:00:47,429 and are notorious for being 17 00:00:47,430 --> 00:00:50,339 some of the most evil and deadly troops. 18 00:00:50,340 --> 00:00:51,599 He had a circle of 19 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,120 some of the most barbaric and evil men alongside him 20 00:00:56,460 --> 00:00:58,763 who helped make the atrocities possible. 21 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:04,529 If there were unpleasant things going on, 22 00:01:04,530 --> 00:01:06,239 or policies that they didn't like, 23 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:08,399 then somehow that Hitler couldn't know about it, 24 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:09,929 that he wasn't associated with it, 25 00:01:09,930 --> 00:01:10,979 it can't have been him. 26 00:01:10,980 --> 00:01:14,279 If only the Fuhrer knew, this wouldn't be happening. 27 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:17,700 These are the Nazi fugitives. 28 00:01:31,650 --> 00:01:34,409 Adolf Hitler was a German politician 29 00:01:34,410 --> 00:01:36,749 and leader of the Nazi party. 30 00:01:36,750 --> 00:01:41,039 He rose to power as the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, 31 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:43,743 and then as Fuhrer in 1934. 32 00:01:44,910 --> 00:01:49,259 During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, 33 00:01:49,260 --> 00:01:52,259 he initiated World War II in Europe 34 00:01:52,260 --> 00:01:57,119 by invading Poland on the 1st of September, 1939. 35 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:02,120 - Extremist politics thrives on chaos, on poverty, 36 00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:07,679 destitution, and want. 37 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:10,619 And what you see as a result of the Wall Street crash 38 00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:13,803 and the slump, the late '20s, early '30s, 39 00:02:14,850 --> 00:02:18,419 are all those things in this hideous cocktail 40 00:02:18,420 --> 00:02:21,059 that an extremist like Hitler, 41 00:02:21,060 --> 00:02:23,321 he's saying, I can solve this. 42 00:02:26,190 --> 00:02:27,269 - Some of the important ways 43 00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:30,719 in which he helped the party to develop 44 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:33,059 was through the initiation of a newspaper, 45 00:02:33,060 --> 00:02:35,706 so a party newspaper called the "Volkischer Beobatcher," 46 00:02:35,707 --> 00:02:37,469 "The People's Observer." 47 00:02:37,470 --> 00:02:41,969 - And also what Hitler is absolutely amazing at 48 00:02:41,970 --> 00:02:43,529 is speech making. 49 00:02:43,530 --> 00:02:45,809 And to begin to understand Hitler, 50 00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:47,729 you've really gotta understand 51 00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:51,003 that he was the most amazing demagogue. 52 00:02:52,170 --> 00:02:55,079 He got on that stage this little man, 53 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:57,599 and he would sort of grow in stature. 54 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:00,419 He would sort of absolutely sort of, you know, 55 00:03:00,420 --> 00:03:04,231 take over the entire beer hall with his presence. 56 00:03:16,051 --> 00:03:17,879 - And he would shout and he'd get quiet, 57 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,603 and he would almost enter into a kind of trance. 58 00:03:22,530 --> 00:03:25,349 And the audiences would be mesmerized by this. 59 00:03:25,350 --> 00:03:27,779 And indeed they'd be mesmerized by it for decades. 60 00:03:27,780 --> 00:03:30,029 And this is key to how Hitler gets into power, 61 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:31,919 because when he's on the stage, 62 00:03:31,920 --> 00:03:34,095 he becomes another figure. 63 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,379 - On the 30th of January, 1933, 64 00:03:40,380 --> 00:03:43,739 Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, 65 00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:45,209 but of a coalition government. 66 00:03:45,210 --> 00:03:48,269 So there were just three Nazi posts 67 00:03:48,270 --> 00:03:49,979 in that coalition government. 68 00:03:49,980 --> 00:03:51,707 - It's very tempting to think that when Hitler, 69 00:03:51,708 --> 00:03:54,629 you know, comes to power in early 1933, 70 00:03:54,630 --> 00:03:57,899 that his grip on power is absolutely total. 71 00:03:57,900 --> 00:04:01,169 In fact, you know, he has a very uneven, shaky start. 72 00:04:01,170 --> 00:04:03,509 He's still quite worried about public opinion. 73 00:04:03,510 --> 00:04:07,619 So what he does is a mixture of passing various laws 74 00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:08,879 that give him more and more power, 75 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,849 like the Enabling Act that actually makes him, 76 00:04:11,850 --> 00:04:13,376 you know, immensely powerful. 77 00:04:13,377 --> 00:04:16,529 But also he takes advantage of various events, 78 00:04:16,530 --> 00:04:18,899 like the Reichstag fire, 79 00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:21,719 in which the German parliament building burns down. 80 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:24,389 Now, it's highly likely but never proven 81 00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:27,089 whether the Nazis actually burnt it down themselves, 82 00:04:27,090 --> 00:04:29,369 but certainly in a sense, it doesn't matter. 83 00:04:29,370 --> 00:04:32,219 What happens is, is that Hitler and the Nazis 84 00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:35,639 took advantage of the Reichstag burning down 85 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:38,466 to show that there was a Communist plot against 86 00:04:38,467 --> 00:04:40,649 what the Nazis described 87 00:04:40,650 --> 00:04:42,419 as still being a democratic government. 88 00:04:42,420 --> 00:04:44,376 And it enabled them to seize more power, 89 00:04:44,377 --> 00:04:46,829 you know, by emergency decree. 90 00:04:46,830 --> 00:04:49,889 - Very quickly, he turned Germany into a one-party state. 91 00:04:49,890 --> 00:04:52,829 So first of all, he made sure to eliminate 92 00:04:52,830 --> 00:04:56,279 the influence and power of the German political left. 93 00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:58,979 So the Socialist Party and the Communist Party, 94 00:04:58,980 --> 00:05:01,019 for a start, were banned. 95 00:05:01,020 --> 00:05:03,539 But over a short amount of time as well, 96 00:05:03,540 --> 00:05:06,449 the Nazi Party was the only legal party too. 97 00:05:06,450 --> 00:05:09,659 - Eventually, in January '33, he becomes chancellor. 98 00:05:09,660 --> 00:05:11,849 Now, don't forget, chancellor in Germany, 99 00:05:11,850 --> 00:05:13,409 and this still remains today, 100 00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:15,929 is not, at the time, the head of state. 101 00:05:15,930 --> 00:05:17,399 The head of state is the president. 102 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:18,809 So, it's the chancellor, though, 103 00:05:18,810 --> 00:05:20,763 who has the real executive power. 104 00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:25,859 In order to take as much power as he can, 105 00:05:25,860 --> 00:05:29,189 he's also gonna have to make himself head of state. 106 00:05:29,190 --> 00:05:32,009 And that really becomes an opportunity for him 107 00:05:32,010 --> 00:05:33,659 when Hindenburg dies 108 00:05:33,660 --> 00:05:35,489 and he's able to take on the role 109 00:05:35,490 --> 00:05:37,499 of both president and chancellor 110 00:05:37,500 --> 00:05:40,859 and kind of create this new role for himself. 111 00:05:40,860 --> 00:05:43,019 And that is the role of Fuhrer, 112 00:05:43,020 --> 00:05:45,119 the German word for leader. 113 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:47,939 That is a fascist term, be there no doubt. 114 00:05:47,940 --> 00:05:50,639 This is a kind of new form of governance 115 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:52,259 that Germany now has. 116 00:05:52,260 --> 00:05:54,149 Other parties are banned, 117 00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:57,269 the only party allowed is the Nazi Party. 118 00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:00,719 This has become a totalitarian state, 119 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:03,599 and Hitler can say to the German people, 120 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:05,159 you voted for it. 121 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:07,871 It's a con, and it's a con that worked. 122 00:06:25,740 --> 00:06:26,849 With pagan pageantry, 123 00:06:26,850 --> 00:06:29,249 the district leaders from all over Germany 124 00:06:29,250 --> 00:06:31,589 swore personal allegiance to him, 125 00:06:31,590 --> 00:06:32,942 hypnotized with the belief 126 00:06:32,943 --> 00:06:35,673 that they were members of a master race. 127 00:06:40,110 --> 00:06:42,839 This film will deal with act one of the Nazi bid 128 00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:44,009 for world power, 129 00:06:44,010 --> 00:06:47,253 the most fantastic play in all recorded history. 130 00:07:02,250 --> 00:07:05,519 - Hitler starts to build up his power by, you know, 131 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:08,129 trying to employ and find the right people 132 00:07:08,130 --> 00:07:11,489 who are gonna listen to the beat of his drum and follow it. 133 00:07:11,490 --> 00:07:15,989 And so there's a lot of very patient politicking 134 00:07:15,990 --> 00:07:19,169 and a lot of persuasion, a lot of speech making, 135 00:07:19,170 --> 00:07:21,749 you know, it's a very, very difficult rise to power. 136 00:07:21,750 --> 00:07:25,049 But Hitler knows that it can't take place through force, 137 00:07:25,050 --> 00:07:29,024 it has to take place from the ballot box and not the bullet. 138 00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:37,739 Paul Joseph Goebbels 139 00:07:37,740 --> 00:07:40,049 was a German Nazi politician 140 00:07:40,050 --> 00:07:42,119 and Reich Minister of Propaganda 141 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:45,783 of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. 142 00:07:46,650 --> 00:07:48,749 He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest 143 00:07:48,750 --> 00:07:50,733 and most devoted associates. 144 00:07:51,780 --> 00:07:54,569 He was known for his skills in public speaking 145 00:07:54,570 --> 00:07:57,959 and his deeply virulent antisemitism, 146 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:00,963 which was evident in his publicly-voiced views. 147 00:08:01,980 --> 00:08:05,159 In May, 1933, Goebbels arranged 148 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,309 the burning of all un-German books 149 00:08:08,310 --> 00:08:10,469 at the Opera House in Berlin, 150 00:08:10,470 --> 00:08:13,973 indicating that the Nazis were taking control of everything. 151 00:08:15,210 --> 00:08:17,699 He gained control of the media entirely, 152 00:08:17,700 --> 00:08:20,189 controlling all aspects of the press, 153 00:08:20,190 --> 00:08:23,729 radio, theaters, films, and television, 154 00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:26,583 literature, music, and the fine arts. 155 00:08:28,170 --> 00:08:30,209 Joseph Goebbels and his wife, Magda, 156 00:08:30,210 --> 00:08:33,299 are seen as the perfect German family 157 00:08:33,300 --> 00:08:35,679 to set an example for the German people. 158 00:08:37,230 --> 00:08:40,379 - Joseph Goebbels joined the Nazi Party quite early on, 159 00:08:40,380 --> 00:08:41,669 as did Hitler. 160 00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:46,349 And he became very much involved in those early years 161 00:08:46,350 --> 00:08:47,939 with helping the party to develop, 162 00:08:47,940 --> 00:08:51,089 and in particular, with these techniques of propaganda, 163 00:08:51,090 --> 00:08:53,009 and really getting these messages across 164 00:08:53,010 --> 00:08:54,659 to the German nation. 165 00:08:54,660 --> 00:08:57,509 Part of the way that he and Hitler did this 166 00:08:57,510 --> 00:08:59,369 was to use very short slogans, 167 00:08:59,370 --> 00:09:01,019 but to keep repeating them 168 00:09:01,020 --> 00:09:04,923 so that everybody knew what the Nazi Party was about. 169 00:09:06,960 --> 00:09:07,950 - He is married 170 00:09:07,951 --> 00:09:11,579 to a very sort of striking woman called Magda. 171 00:09:11,580 --> 00:09:13,109 Now, Magda has been married before 172 00:09:13,110 --> 00:09:15,329 to a very wealthy German industrialist, 173 00:09:15,330 --> 00:09:16,649 but she eventually gets divorced 174 00:09:16,650 --> 00:09:18,239 and marries Joseph Goebbels, 175 00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:20,549 who was a real Casanova actually, 176 00:09:20,550 --> 00:09:22,529 even though he was short, club footed, 177 00:09:22,530 --> 00:09:24,655 and not an attractive man, 178 00:09:24,656 --> 00:09:26,812 you know, he had a lot of sexual conquests. 179 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:30,629 What you see in the marriage 180 00:09:30,630 --> 00:09:35,630 of Joseph Goebbels and Magda is a three way, not in bed, 181 00:09:37,380 --> 00:09:42,380 but emotionally between those two and Adolf Hitler, 182 00:09:42,510 --> 00:09:46,829 because Adolf Hitler absolutely adored Magda Goebbels 183 00:09:46,830 --> 00:09:50,429 and thought that she was the kind of perfect Nazi woman. 184 00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:51,779 You know, and she was blonde 185 00:09:51,780 --> 00:09:54,419 and she was, you know, sort of vivacious 186 00:09:54,420 --> 00:09:57,269 and she was absolutely devoted to Hitler. 187 00:09:57,270 --> 00:09:58,645 She absolutely adored him. 188 00:10:00,210 --> 00:10:02,219 - Magda was very good for the Nazi Party. 189 00:10:02,220 --> 00:10:05,669 And when Goebbels introduced her to Hitler, 190 00:10:05,670 --> 00:10:07,769 Hitler got on very well with her 191 00:10:07,770 --> 00:10:09,209 and sort of could see the advantages 192 00:10:09,210 --> 00:10:11,819 and encouraged them to get married. 193 00:10:11,820 --> 00:10:13,319 Part of the reason for that was 194 00:10:13,320 --> 00:10:17,789 that she was very well bred and very refined and elegant. 195 00:10:17,790 --> 00:10:19,109 She was the mother of the Reich, 196 00:10:19,110 --> 00:10:21,179 because she had six children. 197 00:10:21,180 --> 00:10:22,859 - Hitler liked the Goebbels's marriage 198 00:10:22,860 --> 00:10:24,299 as a kind of domestic situation 199 00:10:24,300 --> 00:10:25,726 he could drop in and out of. 200 00:10:25,727 --> 00:10:29,339 He liked the security that involved children running around, 201 00:10:29,340 --> 00:10:32,009 boats on lakes, you know, it felt normal. 202 00:10:32,010 --> 00:10:34,979 And also, Hitler did not want to have any rumors 203 00:10:34,980 --> 00:10:37,469 about his relationship with Magda Goebbels, 204 00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,179 because there were rumors 205 00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:41,789 that he had fathered some of the Goebbels' children, 206 00:10:41,790 --> 00:10:44,009 and that had seen even a very senior Nazi sent 207 00:10:44,010 --> 00:10:46,865 to a concentration camp for actually mentioning that. 208 00:10:49,410 --> 00:10:50,879 - Hitler and Joseph Goebbels 209 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,549 had sort of grown through the ranks of the Nazi Party, 210 00:10:53,550 --> 00:10:54,689 and sort of succeeded, 211 00:10:54,690 --> 00:10:57,419 sort of made their rise to success together. 212 00:10:57,420 --> 00:10:59,609 When Hitler came to power, 213 00:10:59,610 --> 00:11:01,979 Goebbels was somehow overlooked for a cabinet position. 214 00:11:01,980 --> 00:11:02,970 We said there were just three, 215 00:11:02,971 --> 00:11:04,829 he didn't get any of them. 216 00:11:04,830 --> 00:11:06,899 Nevertheless, after the Nazis took power, 217 00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:08,669 that seizure of power, 218 00:11:08,670 --> 00:11:11,759 he orchestrated a very big torchlight parade, 219 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:13,585 a kind of victory parade for the new movement. 220 00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,119 He knew how to get the message across to the Germans. 221 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:20,879 So once he was the Minister of Propaganda, 222 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:23,429 first of all, there was censorship of the press, 223 00:11:23,430 --> 00:11:25,709 but also not just controlling the press, 224 00:11:25,710 --> 00:11:28,319 but he controlled all aspects of cultural life. 225 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:32,909 So that was art, architecture, literature, music. 226 00:11:32,910 --> 00:11:36,209 Propaganda machine was very, very important 227 00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:39,149 to the whole story that the Third Reich was telling, 228 00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:40,859 and indeed, right up until the end. 229 00:11:40,860 --> 00:11:41,999 And indeed even important, 230 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,249 once the tide of the war turned against Germany. 231 00:11:44,250 --> 00:11:47,699 There was still this need to maintain the storyline, 232 00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,903 to maintain what the Third Reich represented. 233 00:11:54,060 --> 00:11:57,419 - So, you know, you have essentially Goebbels 234 00:11:57,420 --> 00:11:59,969 heart of the Third Reich, propaganda minister, 235 00:11:59,970 --> 00:12:01,409 getting word out there. 236 00:12:01,410 --> 00:12:03,479 Magda Goebbels, his wife, 237 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:07,112 who is more devoted to Hitler than to him. 238 00:12:07,113 --> 00:12:08,699 And then you've got Goebbels 239 00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:10,049 who's probably more devoted to Hitler 240 00:12:10,050 --> 00:12:11,399 than he is to his own wife. 241 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:14,369 And if you want to see the ultimate expression 242 00:12:14,370 --> 00:12:19,370 of this twisted, bizarre, dark, horrific love, if you like, 243 00:12:19,950 --> 00:12:22,919 it's the fact that they both kill themselves 244 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:24,899 to follow Hitler into the afterlife. 245 00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:28,859 And they kill their own children in the bunker, 246 00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:30,539 poison all six children, 247 00:12:30,540 --> 00:12:31,889 because a world without Hitler 248 00:12:31,890 --> 00:12:35,549 and a world without Nazism is no place for their kids. 249 00:12:35,550 --> 00:12:37,691 That's how much they adored Hitler. 250 00:12:48,330 --> 00:12:50,849 Heinrich Himmler was Reichsfuhrer 251 00:12:50,850 --> 00:12:52,349 of the Schutzstaffel 252 00:12:52,350 --> 00:12:55,053 and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. 253 00:12:56,460 --> 00:12:58,949 Himmler was considered one of the most powerful men 254 00:12:58,950 --> 00:13:00,149 in Nazi Germany, 255 00:13:00,150 --> 00:13:02,583 and a leading architect of the Holocaust. 256 00:13:04,230 --> 00:13:05,969 Heinrich Himmler established his force 257 00:13:05,970 --> 00:13:09,183 of elite bodyguards for Hitler, the SS. 258 00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:11,070 Himmler established 259 00:13:11,071 --> 00:13:13,919 the first Nazi concentration camp in Dachau, 260 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,729 indicating he had no issue bringing harm to Jews 261 00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:20,073 as he considered them vermin within Germany. 262 00:13:21,750 --> 00:13:24,089 - Himmler, like Hitler, looked like the very inverse 263 00:13:24,090 --> 00:13:28,949 of the kind of Aryan, blonde, 6'5" tall superhuman. 264 00:13:28,950 --> 00:13:30,689 You know, he was a very short man. 265 00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:33,179 He has weak jawline, very ugly. 266 00:13:33,180 --> 00:13:35,099 You know, he has pebble glasses, 267 00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:36,689 former chicken farmer. 268 00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:40,439 You know, he looked very, very unimpressive. 269 00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:43,649 - Himmler had joined the Nazi Party in quite early years. 270 00:13:43,650 --> 00:13:46,469 And I think that the important thing about what Himmler did 271 00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:49,106 was that he established the SS. 272 00:13:49,107 --> 00:13:52,259 And the SS started out as a very small group, 273 00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:55,919 and, in fact, started out as Hitler's personal bodyguard. 274 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:59,579 Himmler extended his power very quickly and his power base. 275 00:13:59,580 --> 00:14:02,579 So with the SS, a very small organization 276 00:14:02,580 --> 00:14:05,069 that had started out as Hitler's bodyguard 277 00:14:05,070 --> 00:14:07,169 suddenly became thousands strong. 278 00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:10,529 By about 1936, he was in charge 279 00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:15,269 of a very vast complex of the SS, the Gestapo, 280 00:14:15,270 --> 00:14:18,807 which was the secret police, and the security police. 281 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:22,859 And what Himmler does from, 282 00:14:22,860 --> 00:14:24,809 you know, almost from the beginning, 283 00:14:24,810 --> 00:14:29,810 is to build the SS up into a state within a state. 284 00:14:30,030 --> 00:14:33,179 Because by the height of Nazi power, 285 00:14:33,180 --> 00:14:35,969 Himmler is in charge of an organization 286 00:14:35,970 --> 00:14:39,659 that has a kind of civil side to it, 287 00:14:39,660 --> 00:14:41,069 an administrative side to it, 288 00:14:41,070 --> 00:14:44,339 which is huge and has fingers in so many pies. 289 00:14:44,340 --> 00:14:47,609 And also the Waffen SS, the armed SS, 290 00:14:47,610 --> 00:14:50,309 which is there, you know, to help fight the war. 291 00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:52,166 And its troops are notorious 292 00:14:52,167 --> 00:14:53,459 for being some of the most sort of, 293 00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:56,369 kind of evil and deadly troops, you know, 294 00:14:56,370 --> 00:14:58,229 as part of the war. 295 00:14:58,230 --> 00:15:00,059 He became in charge 296 00:15:00,060 --> 00:15:03,839 of the whole concentration camp system. 297 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,239 - He was responsible for the Holocaust 298 00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:10,019 because, you know, it was the SS largely who carried it out. 299 00:15:10,020 --> 00:15:13,949 And when he went to go and kind of witness a slaughter, 300 00:15:13,950 --> 00:15:17,639 you know, some brains were splattered upon his coat 301 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:19,885 and it caused him to vomit. 302 00:15:19,886 --> 00:15:22,799 You know, this is the man responsible for it, 303 00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:24,209 and he can't cope with it. 304 00:15:24,210 --> 00:15:25,619 I'm not saying it's desirable 305 00:15:25,620 --> 00:15:26,819 that he should have coped with it, 306 00:15:26,820 --> 00:15:27,750 but it just shows you 307 00:15:27,751 --> 00:15:30,869 that he didn't actually have the personal appetite 308 00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:32,639 for butchering people himself 309 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:34,199 and got other people to do it. 310 00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,186 In many ways, he was a coward. 311 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,259 Hermann Wilhelm Goring was a German politician, 312 00:15:49,260 --> 00:15:52,510 a military leader, and later a convicted war criminal 313 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,689 Goring was one of the most influential figures 314 00:15:57,690 --> 00:15:59,073 in the Nazi party. 315 00:16:01,350 --> 00:16:03,749 He was also framed in a scandal, 316 00:16:03,750 --> 00:16:05,159 claiming he was attempting 317 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:08,553 to take over the Fuhrer's powers in the war's final days. 318 00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:13,169 Goring wrote a letter to Hitler, 319 00:16:13,170 --> 00:16:15,569 offering to relieve Hitler of his duties 320 00:16:15,570 --> 00:16:18,719 and act in his place as he had believed the Fuhrer 321 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:21,333 was encircled and helpless in Berlin. 322 00:16:23,970 --> 00:16:26,009 This was a reasonable act 323 00:16:26,010 --> 00:16:29,153 as Hitler had named him the political heir. 324 00:16:32,423 --> 00:16:34,799 Hitler issued a telegram to Goring 325 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:37,259 and told him he had committed high treason 326 00:16:37,260 --> 00:16:40,169 and gave him the option to resign his office 327 00:16:40,170 --> 00:16:42,333 in exchange for his life. 328 00:16:45,570 --> 00:16:49,439 - Hermann Goring is a really key Nazi figure. 329 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:50,819 He's a big figure in every way, 330 00:16:50,820 --> 00:16:53,489 because he also became enormously fat. 331 00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:56,879 But you've gotta think of Goring and his kind of arc, 332 00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:57,713 if you like. 333 00:16:57,714 --> 00:17:01,019 So he goes from being a First World War fighter pilot hero 334 00:17:01,020 --> 00:17:03,299 who's got the Pour le Merite medal, 335 00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:05,939 which is the highest medal that can be won 336 00:17:05,940 --> 00:17:08,849 by the German fighting man in the First World War. 337 00:17:08,850 --> 00:17:09,683 You know, for the British, 338 00:17:09,684 --> 00:17:11,279 it's like winning the Victoria Cross, 339 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:12,539 or for the Americans, 340 00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:14,369 it's like winning the kind of Medal of Honor. 341 00:17:14,370 --> 00:17:16,829 It's a hugely important award. 342 00:17:16,830 --> 00:17:19,289 And so he's a venerated pilot, 343 00:17:19,290 --> 00:17:21,892 very successful fighter pilot during the First World War. 344 00:17:29,070 --> 00:17:30,629 And then when he falls in with the Nazis 345 00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:32,039 in Munich in the 20s, 346 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:33,899 he's feeling that that's giving him 347 00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:35,321 a kind of sense of purpose. 348 00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:44,609 - Goring was quite an interesting character 349 00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:48,059 because he had several different roles in the Third Reich. 350 00:17:48,060 --> 00:17:49,259 And even before then, 351 00:17:49,260 --> 00:17:51,299 if we think about his First World War record 352 00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:52,919 as this sort of flying ace, 353 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:55,499 it meant that later on Hitler made him head 354 00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,810 of the Luftwaffe, the German Air Force. 355 00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:04,733 - The problem is, 356 00:18:04,734 --> 00:18:08,699 is that he's on the famous Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, 357 00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:10,679 and he gets shot and wounded. 358 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:14,069 And when he's recuperating from his wounds, 359 00:18:14,070 --> 00:18:17,159 he's given morphine, heroin effectively. 360 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:20,493 And it's that that he becomes addicted to. 361 00:18:23,460 --> 00:18:26,399 Goring is addicted to morphine all the way through 362 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,949 from the Beer Hall Putsch in '23, you know, 363 00:18:28,950 --> 00:18:33,575 for another 23 years until he dies in 1946. 364 00:18:33,576 --> 00:18:35,883 You know, it holds him back in many ways. 365 00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:40,169 But he is a man who likes the finest things in life. 366 00:18:40,170 --> 00:18:42,179 And so when the Nazis do come to power, 367 00:18:42,180 --> 00:18:44,189 and that's partly thanks to the fact 368 00:18:44,190 --> 00:18:46,529 that Goring is such a capable politician, 369 00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:48,869 and because he comes from a pretty well-off background 370 00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:51,839 and married to, you know, an aristocrat. 371 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:52,859 You know, he, 372 00:18:52,860 --> 00:18:55,349 to some of the kind of old school German bigwigs, 373 00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:57,629 looks like the decent face of Nazism 374 00:18:57,630 --> 00:18:59,309 because he's kind of a war hero 375 00:18:59,310 --> 00:19:00,993 and quite an old school figure. 376 00:19:02,910 --> 00:19:04,139 So he's absolutely instrumental 377 00:19:04,140 --> 00:19:06,029 in helping the Nazis get into power, 378 00:19:06,030 --> 00:19:08,111 and he consolidates a lot of power 379 00:19:08,112 --> 00:19:11,879 into his own pockets and hands, if you like. 380 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:13,559 So he's in charge of the Prussian police. 381 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:15,809 He's initially in charge of the Gestapo, 382 00:19:15,810 --> 00:19:17,129 the secret state police. 383 00:19:17,130 --> 00:19:19,199 He's in charge of the Four Year Plan, 384 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,816 which is an important economic imperative. 385 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,109 This is a man with a lot of power, 386 00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:31,593 and he uses it to personally enrich himself. 387 00:19:34,260 --> 00:19:36,869 When you look at pictures of Goring throughout the war, 388 00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:38,999 you just see this body getting bigger, bigger and bigger, 389 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,393 and his uniforms getting more and more ostentatious. 390 00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,289 And he had like millions of medals everywhere, 391 00:19:46,290 --> 00:19:48,539 and the uniforms'd be like bright white 392 00:19:48,540 --> 00:19:50,129 with gold all over them. 393 00:19:50,130 --> 00:19:53,909 And he would have properties, amazing hunting lodges. 394 00:19:53,910 --> 00:19:55,649 He loved hunting. 395 00:19:55,650 --> 00:19:58,109 And whenever the Nazis conquered countries, 396 00:19:58,110 --> 00:19:59,429 he'd be right at the front of it, 397 00:19:59,430 --> 00:20:04,430 looting all the works of art, statues, paintings, jewelry, 398 00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:08,163 you name it, that would all go into Goring's pocket. 399 00:20:11,670 --> 00:20:14,819 He made himself almost impossibly rich. 400 00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:16,469 And he also had vast appetites. 401 00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:18,089 Not only for morphine, 402 00:20:18,090 --> 00:20:21,416 but also for alcohol, for food, you know, 403 00:20:21,417 --> 00:20:23,841 for all the finest things in life. 404 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:38,099 And, in fact, he became a victim of his own self-indulgence. 405 00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:40,379 And when the Battle of Britain failed, 406 00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:43,259 and when the German Air Force was shown to be, 407 00:20:43,260 --> 00:20:46,949 you know, inferior to a smaller British Air Force, 408 00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:49,626 he started, you know, to be laughed at behind his back. 409 00:20:49,627 --> 00:20:51,329 You know, he became 410 00:20:51,330 --> 00:20:54,749 this kind of drug-addled alcoholic whale of a man 411 00:20:54,750 --> 00:20:56,969 who other Nazis would laugh at and not take seriously, 412 00:20:56,970 --> 00:20:58,420 and saw him as an impediment. 413 00:21:00,150 --> 00:21:02,429 By the end of the war, he's this joke figure. 414 00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:05,219 And it's at Nuremberg when he's off the drugs, 415 00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:06,569 when he loses weight, 416 00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:08,669 his brain suddenly gets sharper again. 417 00:21:08,670 --> 00:21:10,709 And of all the Nazis in the dock at Nuremberg, 418 00:21:10,710 --> 00:21:12,269 he's the most impressive. 419 00:21:12,270 --> 00:21:15,329 And that old flash of intelligence and brilliance 420 00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:17,729 that's got him to the top of the Nazi tree 421 00:21:17,730 --> 00:21:18,899 is shown once more. 422 00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:21,509 And it's Goring who cheats the hangman 423 00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:24,847 by committing suicide in his cell in 1946. 424 00:21:28,590 --> 00:21:31,632 Does he get the last laugh? In some ways, he does. 425 00:21:43,050 --> 00:21:45,419 Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoss 426 00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:48,209 was a German Schutzstaffel functionary 427 00:21:48,210 --> 00:21:49,619 during the Nazi era, 428 00:21:49,620 --> 00:21:52,113 who was later convicted as a war criminal. 429 00:21:53,550 --> 00:21:55,246 He was the longest serving commandant 430 00:21:55,247 --> 00:21:58,623 of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. 431 00:21:59,820 --> 00:22:01,919 He tested and implemented means 432 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:03,929 to accelerate Hitler's plan 433 00:22:03,930 --> 00:22:07,109 to exterminate the Jewish population systematically 434 00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:09,269 and introduced Zyklon B, 435 00:22:09,270 --> 00:22:12,843 containing hydrogen cyanide used in the gas chambers. 436 00:22:14,151 --> 00:22:16,409 Now, he was the commandant of Auschwitz. 437 00:22:16,410 --> 00:22:18,059 And as a result, as, you know, 438 00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:20,369 probably got about a million people, you know, 439 00:22:20,370 --> 00:22:22,323 against his name, who he had murdered. 440 00:22:23,940 --> 00:22:26,249 He typified the quiet 441 00:22:26,250 --> 00:22:29,099 and bureaucratic mass murderer. 442 00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:30,269 Very conscientious, 443 00:22:30,270 --> 00:22:33,419 very determined to do his job and to do it well. 444 00:22:33,420 --> 00:22:35,699 And, of course, without much thought for the victims. 445 00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:37,739 So in terms of what he was doing at Auschwitz, 446 00:22:37,740 --> 00:22:40,259 trying to make a very efficient machine 447 00:22:40,260 --> 00:22:42,659 and trying to do his job well and properly. 448 00:22:42,660 --> 00:22:44,429 His concern was not with the victims, 449 00:22:44,430 --> 00:22:47,789 but just to make sure that the apparatus was working well. 450 00:22:47,790 --> 00:22:48,623 So in this case, 451 00:22:48,624 --> 00:22:52,081 to ensure that the gas chambers could operate efficiently. 452 00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,619 He treated the mass murder that went on there 453 00:22:58,620 --> 00:23:00,029 just as a kind of routine 454 00:23:00,030 --> 00:23:02,099 and ordinary business as usual, really, 455 00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:04,863 very much as a kind of ordinary procedure and process. 456 00:23:06,450 --> 00:23:10,589 He took pride in being the first to use Zyklon B 457 00:23:10,590 --> 00:23:14,549 as the gas used for the gassing of his victims. 458 00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:17,669 And he was so efficient that, at Auschwitz, 459 00:23:17,670 --> 00:23:20,429 2.5 million prisoners met their deaths. 460 00:23:20,430 --> 00:23:22,019 So it's a massive death toll, 461 00:23:22,020 --> 00:23:24,287 2.5 million deaths at Auschwitz. 462 00:23:26,820 --> 00:23:28,889 He went into hiding at the end of the war 463 00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:30,359 on the advice of Heinrich Himmler, 464 00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:32,699 his ultimate boss in the SS. 465 00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:34,529 And Hoss disguises himself 466 00:23:34,530 --> 00:23:37,503 and hides amongst various German navy personnel. 467 00:23:39,630 --> 00:23:42,359 He's eventually picked up by the British 468 00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:44,729 who've actually interrogated his wife, 469 00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:45,839 who's actually terrified 470 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,419 that she's gonna be tortured by the Brits 471 00:23:48,420 --> 00:23:50,879 and she's basically spilled the beans. 472 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,309 So Hoss is brought to justice. 473 00:23:53,310 --> 00:23:55,679 And there is this extraordinary image 474 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:59,879 of a British war crimes officer actually confronting Hoss, 475 00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:02,609 who looks like this completely pathetic figure. 476 00:24:02,610 --> 00:24:04,619 You know, looking absolutely terrified 477 00:24:04,620 --> 00:24:06,539 while this sort of tall British Army officer 478 00:24:06,540 --> 00:24:08,369 is just basically shouting at him. 479 00:24:08,370 --> 00:24:09,210 And it shows, you know, 480 00:24:09,211 --> 00:24:10,589 basically, this man who had power 481 00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:12,689 of life and death over millions of people 482 00:24:12,690 --> 00:24:15,179 is reduced to this pathetic figure. 483 00:24:15,180 --> 00:24:18,089 Now, the British hand him over to the Poles. 484 00:24:18,090 --> 00:24:21,269 And it's the Poles who actually bring him to justice, 485 00:24:21,270 --> 00:24:23,343 and it's the Poles who hang him. 486 00:24:27,690 --> 00:24:30,299 We had two SS doctors on duty at Auschwitz 487 00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,239 to examine the incoming transports of prisoners. 488 00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:35,459 Prisoners would be marched past one of the doctors 489 00:24:35,460 --> 00:24:38,309 who would make spot decisions as they walked by. 490 00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:41,249 Those who were fit for work were sent into the camp. 491 00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:44,249 Others were sent immediately to the extermination plant. 492 00:24:44,250 --> 00:24:47,009 Children of tender years were invariably exterminated 493 00:24:47,010 --> 00:24:50,519 since by reasons of their youth, they were unable to work. 494 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:52,499 We endeavored to fool them into thinking 495 00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,053 they were to go through a delousing process. 496 00:24:57,150 --> 00:24:59,416 It took from 3 to 15 minutes to kill the people 497 00:24:59,417 --> 00:25:00,749 in the death chamber, 498 00:25:00,750 --> 00:25:03,359 depending upon climatic conditions. 499 00:25:03,360 --> 00:25:05,339 We knew when the people were dead 500 00:25:05,340 --> 00:25:06,940 because their screaming stopped. 501 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:13,259 We usually waited about one half hour 502 00:25:13,260 --> 00:25:16,259 before we opened the doors and removed the bodies. 503 00:25:16,260 --> 00:25:17,819 After the bodies were removed, 504 00:25:17,820 --> 00:25:20,009 our special commanders took off the rings 505 00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:22,863 and extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses. 506 00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:26,939 He was brought before a Polish military tribunal. 507 00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:31,940 And he was found guilty, and he was executed in April, 1947. 508 00:25:34,950 --> 00:25:37,049 Was taken back to Auschwitz 509 00:25:37,050 --> 00:25:40,859 to outside the house where he and his family had lived, 510 00:25:40,860 --> 00:25:43,129 and he was executed there. 511 00:25:43,130 --> 00:25:46,289 He was executed there at the place where he had lived, 512 00:25:46,290 --> 00:25:50,339 and at the place where he had sent millions of people to die 513 00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:53,073 during his time as commandant at Auschwitz. 514 00:26:04,471 --> 00:26:06,119 Otto Adolf Eichmann 515 00:26:06,120 --> 00:26:09,809 was a German-Austrian SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer 516 00:26:09,810 --> 00:26:13,049 and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust, 517 00:26:13,050 --> 00:26:16,439 the "Final Solution to the Jewish question," 518 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,033 in Nazi terminology, 519 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:21,389 Eichmann quickly became known 520 00:26:21,390 --> 00:26:23,729 as the world's most wanted Nazi. 521 00:26:23,730 --> 00:26:26,939 Branded the architect of the Final Solution 522 00:26:26,940 --> 00:26:28,653 to exterminate Jews. 523 00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:32,189 He was seen as the mastermind 524 00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:34,139 behind the network of death camps 525 00:26:34,140 --> 00:26:35,849 that resulted in the murder 526 00:26:35,850 --> 00:26:38,843 of approximately 6 million people. 527 00:26:40,260 --> 00:26:42,539 He orchestrated the identification, 528 00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:45,779 assembly, and transportation of European Jews 529 00:26:45,780 --> 00:26:50,613 to Auschwitz, Treblinka, and other death camps in Poland. 530 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:55,319 Adolf Eichmann was in charge 531 00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:59,579 of the Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, first of all. 532 00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:03,419 So he kind of, sort of rose to a prominent position 533 00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:05,639 after the Anschluss in 1938. 534 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:07,529 And essentially he was responsible 535 00:27:07,530 --> 00:27:12,530 for the forced removal or relocation of first Vienna's 536 00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:15,659 and then the rest of Austria's Jews. 537 00:27:15,660 --> 00:27:17,609 And then, of course, for the forced removal 538 00:27:17,610 --> 00:27:21,719 of all of the European Jews who were under Nazi rule 539 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:23,849 as the years went on. 540 00:27:23,850 --> 00:27:27,479 Eichmann today is an incredibly notorious name, 541 00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:31,019 and we all today know him to be the man he was. 542 00:27:31,020 --> 00:27:32,969 You know, he's famously and notoriously called 543 00:27:32,970 --> 00:27:35,369 the architect of the Final Solution. 544 00:27:35,370 --> 00:27:36,203 What he was, 545 00:27:36,204 --> 00:27:38,189 was in charge of a department 546 00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:40,259 of the Reich Security Main Office, 547 00:27:40,260 --> 00:27:42,509 and it was called Department IV-B4. 548 00:27:42,510 --> 00:27:45,689 It was part of the Gestapo, the secret state police. 549 00:27:45,690 --> 00:27:49,889 And his job was to basically wage war against the Jews. 550 00:27:49,890 --> 00:27:51,689 And it was Eichmann's job 551 00:27:51,690 --> 00:27:56,690 was to help facilitate the destruction of the Jewish people. 552 00:27:57,725 --> 00:28:00,089 He was responsible for registering, assembling, 553 00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:02,429 and then transporting the Jews 554 00:28:02,430 --> 00:28:06,843 from different assembly points to the death camps in Poland. 555 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,019 In December, 1939, 556 00:28:10,020 --> 00:28:13,349 he sort of took on a more important or kind of bigger role 557 00:28:13,350 --> 00:28:15,929 within the Gestapo as head 558 00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:19,709 of the Jewish Office of the Reich Main Security Office. 559 00:28:19,710 --> 00:28:22,919 And so, again, the main point of that role really 560 00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:26,609 was to orchestrate and carry out the removal 561 00:28:26,610 --> 00:28:30,603 of all of the European Jews to the death camps in Poland. 562 00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:33,419 He was effectively the guy, 563 00:28:33,420 --> 00:28:34,799 didn't come up with the policy, 564 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,529 but he was the guy who zealously implemented it. 565 00:28:37,530 --> 00:28:40,229 And he knew that if he was captured, 566 00:28:40,230 --> 00:28:41,510 he would face the noose. 567 00:28:43,950 --> 00:28:46,649 Eichmann was arrested at the end of the war, 568 00:28:46,650 --> 00:28:49,859 but his name wasn't very well known at that stage. 569 00:28:49,860 --> 00:28:50,790 He managed to escape 570 00:28:50,791 --> 00:28:55,169 from an American internment camp in 1946. 571 00:28:55,170 --> 00:28:58,589 He decided to call himself Eckmann, 572 00:28:58,590 --> 00:29:00,479 and then he managed to, you know, 573 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:05,099 go into hiding for quite a few years in Germany on farms. 574 00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:08,189 And he tried to sort of recreate his life 575 00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,699 as a kind of, you know, humble son of the soil, if you like. 576 00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:14,129 But actually by the late 1940s, 577 00:29:14,130 --> 00:29:17,069 he realizes that things are getting a bit hot. 578 00:29:17,070 --> 00:29:19,859 He suspects that war crimes units may be after him. 579 00:29:19,860 --> 00:29:23,489 And what he does is that he eventually flees to Argentina, 580 00:29:23,490 --> 00:29:25,383 where he tries to create a new life. 581 00:29:28,050 --> 00:29:33,029 Eventually, in 1960, the Israeli Secret Services, 582 00:29:33,030 --> 00:29:34,649 after quite a lot of detective work, 583 00:29:34,650 --> 00:29:36,419 managed to find him. 584 00:29:36,420 --> 00:29:39,179 And then came into place an operation 585 00:29:39,180 --> 00:29:42,179 really to smuggle him out of Argentina 586 00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:46,563 and to bring him to Israel in order to stand trial. 587 00:29:49,170 --> 00:29:50,189 - Behind this fence, 588 00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:53,429 the pages of history are being turned back 589 00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:56,849 to one of the most terrible chapters of our time. 590 00:29:56,850 --> 00:30:00,089 Adolf Eichmann faces probably the most appalling list 591 00:30:00,090 --> 00:30:03,393 of charges ever to be leveled against a single human being. 592 00:30:04,290 --> 00:30:07,439 But if Eichmann's is the name on the charge sheet, 593 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,749 the Israelis have made very clear 594 00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:11,913 who they think is really in the dock. 595 00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:15,723 In the building where Eichmann is being tried, 596 00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:18,599 the Israelis are trying 597 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:21,509 to place before the conscience of the world 598 00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:26,510 the full facts of how the Nazis in Germany tried, literally, 599 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,843 to exterminate millions of the Jewish people in Europe. 600 00:30:32,010 --> 00:30:36,629 Now, to us, the Nazi persecution is 15 years or more away, 601 00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:38,519 but to the people living here, 602 00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:40,713 it's still a sharp memory. 603 00:30:41,790 --> 00:30:45,389 The children playing in the warm spring sunshine, 604 00:30:45,390 --> 00:30:50,039 the older people going about their everyday lives, 605 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:55,040 many of them had relatives who died in Hitler's gas ovens. 606 00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,943 And even here in Israel, they found no peaceful haven. 607 00:31:00,780 --> 00:31:03,539 Just over a mile up the road from here, 608 00:31:03,540 --> 00:31:08,540 there's a barbed wire fence and sentries stand guard. 609 00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:11,639 This is the border across which Israel looks 610 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,273 to an implacably hostile Arab neighbor. 611 00:31:16,170 --> 00:31:17,673 To the people of Israel, 612 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,289 persecution, personified by Eichmann, 613 00:31:22,290 --> 00:31:24,093 is still a living danger. 614 00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,569 For now in this city of Jerusalem, 615 00:31:27,570 --> 00:31:30,809 which itself is no stranger to history, 616 00:31:30,810 --> 00:31:32,489 let us look back at the moment 617 00:31:32,490 --> 00:31:34,652 when this historic trial began. 618 00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,209 In Jerusalem, 619 00:31:39,210 --> 00:31:41,459 the trial of Adolf Eichmann begins, 620 00:31:41,460 --> 00:31:43,559 reviving memories of the Nazi horrors 621 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:45,179 of the Second World War. 622 00:31:45,180 --> 00:31:48,239 Entering the bulletproof prisoners box is the man charged 623 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,669 with the annihilation of millions of Jews 624 00:31:50,670 --> 00:31:52,085 in Nazi death camps. 625 00:31:55,170 --> 00:31:56,849 Searching problems of conscience 626 00:31:56,850 --> 00:31:59,969 and of international law will be raised by this trial, 627 00:31:59,970 --> 00:32:02,493 one of the most stirring of modern times. 628 00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:06,359 Eichmann himself is impassive 629 00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:09,539 as the three judges who will decide his fate enter. 630 00:32:09,540 --> 00:32:11,729 Now, after 15 years in hiding 631 00:32:11,730 --> 00:32:15,119 and one year after his sensational abduction from Argentina, 632 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,969 Adolf Eichmann is indicted on 15 counts 633 00:32:17,970 --> 00:32:19,949 of crimes against the Jewish people 634 00:32:19,950 --> 00:32:21,569 and crimes against humanity. 635 00:32:21,570 --> 00:32:23,458 The accused, together with the others, 636 00:32:23,459 --> 00:32:26,879 during a period of 1939 to 1945, 637 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:30,389 caused the killing of millions of Jews in his capacity 638 00:32:30,390 --> 00:32:32,879 as the person responsible for the execution 639 00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:37,349 of the Nazi plan for the physical extermination of the Jews, 640 00:32:37,350 --> 00:32:40,083 known as the Final Solution of the Jewish problem. 641 00:32:42,270 --> 00:32:44,729 Eichmann's attorney, Dr. Robert Servatius, 642 00:32:44,730 --> 00:32:47,489 opens by denying the legality of the trial 643 00:32:47,490 --> 00:32:49,439 and questions the jurisdiction obtained 644 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:51,449 by Eichmann's forcible capture. 645 00:32:51,450 --> 00:32:54,629 Dr. Servatius further suggests that Eichmann be tried 646 00:32:54,630 --> 00:32:58,108 by a neutral or international tribunal. 647 00:33:01,170 --> 00:33:03,389 Israeli attorney general, Gideon Hausner, 648 00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:05,046 the chief prosecutor replies, 649 00:33:05,047 --> 00:33:07,139 "That no one except the state of Israel 650 00:33:07,140 --> 00:33:09,299 has sought to bring Eichmann to justice." 651 00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:11,609 And cites the Nuremberg war crimes trials 652 00:33:11,610 --> 00:33:13,439 as precedent for this trial. 653 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,169 Throughout, Eichmann remains icy calm, 654 00:33:16,170 --> 00:33:19,233 his fate, at last, in the scales of justice. 655 00:33:23,790 --> 00:33:26,489 The trial, which opened in April, 1961, 656 00:33:26,490 --> 00:33:27,659 was very controversial. 657 00:33:27,660 --> 00:33:31,169 But it also, of course, attracted a great deal 658 00:33:31,170 --> 00:33:33,188 of international attention as well. 659 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:36,150 When he was questioned, 660 00:33:36,151 --> 00:33:38,279 he claimed that he was only following orders. 661 00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,639 He claimed not to be responsible for any of the executions, 662 00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:44,373 and said he was just involved in transportation. 663 00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:47,129 So, again, that's the kind of line used 664 00:33:47,130 --> 00:33:48,299 about following orders 665 00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:50,189 and not really admitting responsibility 666 00:33:50,190 --> 00:33:51,758 for the Final Solution. 667 00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:56,560 Yes. 668 00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:00,149 With regard to the Jews, 669 00:34:00,150 --> 00:34:04,586 my only obligations were those concerned with emigration. 670 00:34:04,587 --> 00:34:08,159 And this transpires from the official designation 671 00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:08,993 of the department, 672 00:34:08,994 --> 00:34:11,819 which was called Emigration and Evacuation. 673 00:34:11,820 --> 00:34:14,669 Emigration, that applied to the Jews, 674 00:34:14,670 --> 00:34:19,670 while evacuation, that concerned the sphere of jurisdiction 675 00:34:20,460 --> 00:34:22,049 of the Reichskommissar 676 00:34:22,050 --> 00:34:24,813 for strengthening the basis of the German nation, 677 00:34:26,130 --> 00:34:28,743 a post to which Himmler was then appointed. 678 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:34,499 And this concerned the evacuation 679 00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:37,499 of the newly annexed areas in the East, 680 00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,493 which were annexed to the Reich. 681 00:34:42,687 --> 00:34:45,569 And as Hitler and Himmler had ordered at that time, 682 00:34:45,570 --> 00:34:50,009 these areas had to be evacuated of Jews 683 00:34:50,010 --> 00:34:54,869 and other foreign nationalities. 684 00:34:54,870 --> 00:34:56,909 And my connection with this 685 00:34:56,910 --> 00:34:59,759 was strictly from the point of view of timetables 686 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,103 and technical transport problems. 687 00:35:31,590 --> 00:35:35,039 I do not remember it in detail, Your Honor. 688 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,759 I do not remember the circumstances of this conversation, 689 00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:41,819 but I do know that these gentlemen were standing together 690 00:35:41,820 --> 00:35:43,259 or sitting together 691 00:35:43,260 --> 00:35:47,609 and were discussing this subject quite bluntly, 692 00:35:47,610 --> 00:35:49,079 quite differently from the language 693 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,599 which I had to use later in the record. 694 00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:52,649 During the conversation, 695 00:35:52,650 --> 00:35:55,423 they minced no words about it at all. 696 00:36:31,950 --> 00:36:35,309 I might say, furthermore, Your Honor, 697 00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:37,600 that I would not have remembered this 698 00:36:38,670 --> 00:36:41,129 unless I had later remember 699 00:36:41,130 --> 00:36:44,369 that I told myself, look here, 700 00:36:44,370 --> 00:36:45,330 I told myself, 701 00:36:45,331 --> 00:36:47,489 even this guy, Stuckart, 702 00:36:47,490 --> 00:36:49,439 who was known as one of these uncles 703 00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,249 who was a great stickler for legalities, 704 00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,789 he too uses language 705 00:36:56,790 --> 00:36:59,609 which is not at all in accordance 706 00:36:59,610 --> 00:37:02,879 with the spirit of paragraphs of the law. 707 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:06,809 This incident remained engraved in my memory 708 00:37:06,810 --> 00:37:09,273 and recalls the entire subject to my mind. 709 00:37:17,556 --> 00:37:21,389 Eichmann was sentenced to death in December, 1961, 710 00:37:21,390 --> 00:37:24,662 and he was executed in May, 1962. 711 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,439 Rudolf Walter Richard Hess 712 00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:54,119 was a German politician 713 00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:57,513 and a leading member of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. 714 00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,639 Appointed Deputy Fuhrer to Adolf Hitler in 1933, 715 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,029 Hess served in that position until 1941 716 00:38:06,030 --> 00:38:08,189 when he flew solo to Scotland 717 00:38:08,190 --> 00:38:11,279 in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom 718 00:38:11,280 --> 00:38:12,487 during World War II. 719 00:38:15,060 --> 00:38:18,119 Rudolph Hess noticed that the Fuhrer was preoccupied 720 00:38:18,120 --> 00:38:21,869 and decided to take matters into his own hands. 721 00:38:21,870 --> 00:38:24,749 He decided to end the continuing military struggle 722 00:38:24,750 --> 00:38:27,903 between Germany and the Allies using a peace pact. 723 00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:32,249 He secretly flies solo over Britain 724 00:38:32,250 --> 00:38:34,709 and lands in Scotland by parachute, 725 00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:35,543 hoping to speak 726 00:38:35,544 --> 00:38:37,773 with one of the highly-placed British figures. 727 00:38:39,570 --> 00:38:41,099 He intended to offer respect 728 00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:43,436 for the integrity of the British Empire, 729 00:38:43,437 --> 00:38:46,109 for Germany to have a free hand in Europe 730 00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:48,393 and the return of German colonies. 731 00:38:51,240 --> 00:38:54,419 Of course, as soon as he was found out to be a Nazi, 732 00:38:54,420 --> 00:38:57,329 he was arrested and treated as a prisoner of war, 733 00:38:57,330 --> 00:39:00,093 held in a British prison until the war's end. 734 00:39:02,190 --> 00:39:05,909 Once Hitler hears of his plan and capture in Britain, 735 00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:08,339 he declares Hess has committed treason 736 00:39:08,340 --> 00:39:09,952 and the Nazis reject him. 737 00:39:12,870 --> 00:39:15,419 - Rudolph Hess was a very troubled man in many ways, 738 00:39:15,420 --> 00:39:19,259 and you only have to look at his somewhat uneven expressions 739 00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:20,519 whenever he's captured on film. 740 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:22,619 He's got these very sort of thick brows, 741 00:39:22,620 --> 00:39:25,589 and he looks like he's puzzling about the world in general. 742 00:39:25,590 --> 00:39:28,829 He was a very sort of troubled man, 743 00:39:28,830 --> 00:39:31,530 and he was devoted to Hitler from the very early days. 744 00:39:32,820 --> 00:39:35,789 And it was Hess who was in Landsberg Prison 745 00:39:35,790 --> 00:39:38,609 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. 746 00:39:38,610 --> 00:39:41,189 And it was Hess who was by kind of Hitler's side, 747 00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:42,629 you know, all the way through those sort of, 748 00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:44,020 kind of very dark years. 749 00:39:45,750 --> 00:39:48,389 You know, as Hitler gained more power, 750 00:39:48,390 --> 00:39:51,119 Hitler is loyal to Hess because Hess has been loyal to him, 751 00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:53,100 and he makes him Deputy Fuhrer. 752 00:39:54,660 --> 00:39:58,859 But it's clear that as the Nazi Party has come to power 753 00:39:58,860 --> 00:40:01,169 and its popularity and its ability 754 00:40:01,170 --> 00:40:03,179 to draw on talent has increased, 755 00:40:03,180 --> 00:40:05,399 it's basically shown up Hess 756 00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,099 to be the kind of real second or third rater 757 00:40:08,100 --> 00:40:09,119 that he actually is. 758 00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:10,949 He's not really a very impressive figure. 759 00:40:10,950 --> 00:40:12,599 You know, what does he offer, you know, 760 00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:14,249 the Nazi regime who are out control? 761 00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:17,339 He doesn't have any great personal charisma 762 00:40:17,340 --> 00:40:18,659 that's gonna draw people in. 763 00:40:18,660 --> 00:40:20,999 He doesn't really have any particular kind 764 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,249 of administrative skills. 765 00:40:23,250 --> 00:40:25,203 You know, what he is, is just loyal. 766 00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:28,649 He's kind of totally out of his depth 767 00:40:28,650 --> 00:40:30,419 by the time Hitler comes into power. 768 00:40:30,420 --> 00:40:32,339 His usefulness is no longer there, 769 00:40:32,340 --> 00:40:35,674 and he's really, basically very much sidelined 770 00:40:35,675 --> 00:40:37,319 by the outbreak of war. 771 00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:39,899 And it makes him very sort of desperate to, you know, 772 00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:41,249 curry favor with Hitler. 773 00:40:41,250 --> 00:40:44,399 And so he carries out this absolutely extraordinary mission. 774 00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,299 Takes off from a Messerschmitt 110 in Augsburg, 775 00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:51,299 and flies to Scotland, obviously, 776 00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:53,309 where he parachutes out to land 777 00:40:53,310 --> 00:40:55,199 on the land of the Duke of Hamilton, 778 00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:57,509 who he thinks is a friend of his. 779 00:40:57,510 --> 00:40:59,879 And he says, you know, I'm here to basically, 780 00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,692 you know, forge a peace deal. That, you know, if, you know, 781 00:41:02,693 --> 00:41:06,449 you allow Nazi Germany to have a free hand in Europe, 782 00:41:06,450 --> 00:41:08,849 we'll allow the British Empire 783 00:41:08,850 --> 00:41:10,619 and British colonies a free hand, 784 00:41:10,620 --> 00:41:12,029 and for Britain to maintain her influence 785 00:41:12,030 --> 00:41:13,319 all over the world. 786 00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:15,539 And of course, this is just complete nonsense. 787 00:41:15,540 --> 00:41:18,539 You know, Churchill, by this stage, is in no, you know, 788 00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:20,129 mood to start listening 789 00:41:20,130 --> 00:41:24,089 to what is clearly a semi-deranged individual. 790 00:41:24,090 --> 00:41:27,179 And, indeed, he just remains in prison, 791 00:41:27,180 --> 00:41:29,699 you know, locked up until the end of the war. 792 00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:32,249 And then he's put on trial at Nuremberg. 793 00:41:32,250 --> 00:41:34,019 And by then, he's gone mad. 794 00:41:34,020 --> 00:41:38,159 He seems very kind of withdrawn, troubled. 795 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:40,199 And he is sentenced at Nuremberg, 796 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:41,037 but he's not sentenced to death. 797 00:41:41,038 --> 00:41:43,559 And he actually lives in Spandau Prison 798 00:41:43,560 --> 00:41:45,659 until his death many decades later 799 00:41:45,660 --> 00:41:48,393 as this very kind of cryptic, enigmatic figure. 800 00:42:01,405 --> 00:42:02,759 Josef Mengele, 801 00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:05,189 also known as the Angel of Death, 802 00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:08,009 was a German Schutzstaffel, SS, officer 803 00:42:08,010 --> 00:42:10,083 and physician during World War II. 804 00:42:12,180 --> 00:42:13,409 He is mainly remembered 805 00:42:13,410 --> 00:42:17,159 for his actions at the Auschwitz concentration camp, 806 00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:20,339 where he performed deadly experiments on prisoners. 807 00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:25,409 He was a member of the team of doctors 808 00:42:25,410 --> 00:42:28,799 who selected victims to be killed in the gas chambers 809 00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,743 and was one of the doctors who administered the gas. 810 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:36,809 A doctor, nicknamed the Angel of Death, 811 00:42:36,810 --> 00:42:39,569 conducted macabre experiments on the prisoners 812 00:42:39,570 --> 00:42:41,223 at the Auschwitz death camp. 813 00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:45,419 He started as an SS officer, 814 00:42:45,420 --> 00:42:48,629 was sent at the start of World War II to the Eastern Front, 815 00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:51,449 to repel the Soviets and received an Iron Cross 816 00:42:51,450 --> 00:42:52,533 for his bravery. 817 00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:57,479 After being wounded and cleared unfit for active duty, 818 00:42:57,480 --> 00:42:59,399 he was assigned to Auschwitz 819 00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,829 and used prisoners as guinea pigs, 820 00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:05,429 particularly women, twins, and the disabled, 821 00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:07,379 and tortured and killed children 822 00:43:07,380 --> 00:43:09,200 with his medical experiments. 823 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,899 After being wounded and cleared unfit for active duty, 824 00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:17,759 he was assigned to Auschwitz 825 00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:20,039 and used prisoners as guinea pigs, 826 00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:25,040 particularly women, twins, and people with disabilities 827 00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:27,299 and tortured and killed children 828 00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:29,690 with his medical experiments. 829 00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:35,159 It was Mengele's job to be one of those 830 00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:37,949 who selected which prisoners 831 00:43:37,950 --> 00:43:39,989 were to go straight to the gas chambers 832 00:43:39,990 --> 00:43:42,029 when they arrived by train at Auschwitz, 833 00:43:42,030 --> 00:43:44,759 and which prisoners should be allowed to go and work 834 00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,529 for a few months until they worked themselves, 835 00:43:46,530 --> 00:43:47,579 or for a few weeks, 836 00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:50,279 until they worked themselves to death. 837 00:43:50,280 --> 00:43:53,699 But what he also did with his medical hat on 838 00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:56,309 was to experiment on twins. 839 00:43:56,310 --> 00:43:59,909 He was absolutely fascinated by twins 840 00:43:59,910 --> 00:44:03,539 from a kind of anthropological level, from a medical level. 841 00:44:03,540 --> 00:44:06,659 And what medics like with twins is 842 00:44:06,660 --> 00:44:09,629 that you have two people who are identical, 843 00:44:09,630 --> 00:44:13,349 and you can compare and contrast 844 00:44:13,350 --> 00:44:15,029 what happens to them medically. 845 00:44:15,030 --> 00:44:17,189 Now, ethically, you can't, you know, 846 00:44:17,190 --> 00:44:21,059 in most normal societies, introduce one twin 847 00:44:21,060 --> 00:44:24,179 to some disease and the other one not to receive it, 848 00:44:24,180 --> 00:44:25,619 and then to see how they do. 849 00:44:25,620 --> 00:44:27,269 You could do that in Auschwitz 850 00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:30,213 because Mengele had all these live human guinea pigs. 851 00:44:33,660 --> 00:44:36,169 But medical experiments took place 852 00:44:36,170 --> 00:44:40,319 at a number of the concentration camps across Germany, 853 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:43,799 including Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, 854 00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,377 Natzweiler, and Ravensbruck. 855 00:44:51,180 --> 00:44:52,889 - We arrived to Auschwitz 856 00:44:52,890 --> 00:44:57,890 and there was some Jewish people came up the train. 857 00:44:57,930 --> 00:45:02,930 He said to us, whatever we do, don't say that we are sick. 858 00:45:04,740 --> 00:45:06,839 And we stand in the line. 859 00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:10,829 And Mengele was sitting there, 860 00:45:10,830 --> 00:45:12,573 Dr. Mengele they called him. 861 00:45:13,980 --> 00:45:18,980 And left, right, you know? 862 00:45:19,448 --> 00:45:24,448 They announced every young woman 863 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:25,679 should take the baby, 864 00:45:25,680 --> 00:45:28,309 give the children to the elderly, to the mothers, 865 00:45:28,310 --> 00:45:29,823 to the elderly people. 866 00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:34,323 Then when we came in the line, you know, Mengele, 867 00:45:37,839 --> 00:45:42,839 he said, in German he talked to us, if we are healthy, 868 00:45:44,730 --> 00:45:47,939 we are sick, or something is hurting us. 869 00:45:47,940 --> 00:45:51,234 He talk so nice, so soft, you know, things. 870 00:46:01,890 --> 00:46:06,659 - In my case, never ever talked to me. 871 00:46:06,660 --> 00:46:08,819 He talked about me. 872 00:46:08,820 --> 00:46:10,709 He talked at me. 873 00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:12,389 You have to realize, 874 00:46:12,390 --> 00:46:17,069 Mengele did not treat us as human beings. 875 00:46:17,070 --> 00:46:21,967 We were just his treasured experiment subjects. 876 00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:27,089 We would stand by our bunk beds 877 00:46:27,090 --> 00:46:29,099 with our hands behind our back 878 00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:32,643 like little soldiers for Mengele's inspection. 879 00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:36,029 There was two, 880 00:46:36,030 --> 00:46:39,513 we had three supervisors in our barrack, Blockalteste. 881 00:46:40,620 --> 00:46:43,806 And one of them would stand at the front and say, 882 00:46:43,807 --> 00:46:46,526 "Mengele is coming." 883 00:46:46,527 --> 00:46:48,269 And everybody would just, 884 00:46:48,270 --> 00:46:52,709 it's like some kind of a horror was entering. 885 00:46:52,710 --> 00:46:57,710 He would come very elegantly with his hands behind his back. 886 00:46:57,990 --> 00:46:59,249 He had a stick in his hand. 887 00:46:59,250 --> 00:47:02,189 He would hit it sometime against his riding boots 888 00:47:02,190 --> 00:47:03,363 and start counting. 889 00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,289 He always had at least six people with him. 890 00:47:07,290 --> 00:47:09,136 Many times, as many as 8 or 10. 891 00:47:09,137 --> 00:47:10,994 It was a big entourage. 892 00:47:14,850 --> 00:47:17,309 He had power of life and death over, 893 00:47:17,310 --> 00:47:19,049 you know, hundreds of thousands of people. 894 00:47:19,050 --> 00:47:21,869 And he committed the most vile experiments, 895 00:47:21,870 --> 00:47:24,329 on twins and all sorts of other people. 896 00:47:24,330 --> 00:47:25,739 And so he knew at the end of the war 897 00:47:25,740 --> 00:47:27,599 that he would have to go into hiding, 898 00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:28,986 because there would be people who had survived Auschwitz 899 00:47:28,987 --> 00:47:32,519 who would be giving testimony about his savagery 900 00:47:32,520 --> 00:47:34,019 and his barbarism. 901 00:47:34,020 --> 00:47:37,079 And what he does, like so many other Nazi figures, 902 00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:40,199 he disappears to a farm. 903 00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,078 And where he ends up working, 904 00:47:42,079 --> 00:47:45,239 you know, along with sort of normal farm laborers, 905 00:47:45,240 --> 00:47:47,219 but it's clear he's a much more intellectual figure 906 00:47:47,220 --> 00:47:48,269 than those around him. 907 00:47:48,270 --> 00:47:51,389 They all know that he's, you know, got something to hide. 908 00:47:51,390 --> 00:47:55,199 And also what Mengele has is a very wealthy background 909 00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:59,159 because the Mengele family produced farm machinery 910 00:47:59,160 --> 00:48:01,319 in Southern Germany for decades. 911 00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:03,299 And so, effectively, the family were millionaires. 912 00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:06,239 And so when Mengele decides to hotfoot it 913 00:48:06,240 --> 00:48:08,279 to Argentina in 1949, 914 00:48:08,280 --> 00:48:10,679 he's got the backing of a family fortune 915 00:48:10,680 --> 00:48:13,023 to really help smooth his way over there. 916 00:48:15,240 --> 00:48:17,339 What's really chilling about Mengele is that, 917 00:48:17,340 --> 00:48:19,139 throughout the rest of his life, 918 00:48:19,140 --> 00:48:23,159 he always would justify what he had done in Auschwitz. 919 00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:26,039 He had always thought he had done the morally correct thing. 920 00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:29,579 He would see his work on the selection ramps for starters, 921 00:48:29,580 --> 00:48:31,379 saying to people, you know, 922 00:48:31,380 --> 00:48:33,299 well, you're gonna live and you're gonna die. 923 00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:35,309 You know, we see that as sending people to their deaths. 924 00:48:35,310 --> 00:48:39,149 Mengele saw that as sending people to their continued life 925 00:48:39,150 --> 00:48:40,379 because he had this attitude 926 00:48:40,380 --> 00:48:42,209 that everybody there was gonna die anyway. 927 00:48:42,210 --> 00:48:44,369 So in fact, he was, you know, kind of delaying their deaths. 928 00:48:44,370 --> 00:48:45,959 He was being the nice guy. 929 00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:46,950 You know, that's absurd. 930 00:48:46,951 --> 00:48:49,349 And he also would say that the experiments he did 931 00:48:49,350 --> 00:48:51,059 were for the good of humanity, 932 00:48:51,060 --> 00:48:52,109 that this was, 933 00:48:52,110 --> 00:48:56,763 an essential role of medicine was to experiment on people. 934 00:48:57,660 --> 00:48:59,609 It was ultimately beneficial. 935 00:48:59,610 --> 00:49:01,319 You know, he would come up with all sorts of 936 00:49:01,320 --> 00:49:04,829 kind of pseudo-academic kind of verbiage 937 00:49:04,830 --> 00:49:06,722 to kind of justify what he had done. 938 00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:10,409 It took a long time for the German people 939 00:49:10,410 --> 00:49:11,879 to really come to terms 940 00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:13,439 with what had been done in their name. 941 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:15,262 I think a lot of German people throughout the war 942 00:49:15,263 --> 00:49:17,519 had had more than an inkling, 943 00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:19,559 but I don't think they knew the extent 944 00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:21,929 of the savagery of what went on, 945 00:49:21,930 --> 00:49:25,679 you know, behind those miles upon miles of barbed wire, 946 00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:26,939 and inside those huts, 947 00:49:26,940 --> 00:49:30,299 and inside those chambers of death, effectively. 948 00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:33,269 And I think that when it was finally revealed to them, 949 00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:36,839 and when, you know, justice started being done, 950 00:49:36,840 --> 00:49:39,359 I think any reasonable German started realizing 951 00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:40,200 that actually, yes, 952 00:49:40,201 --> 00:49:42,329 there should be some form of retribution. 953 00:49:42,330 --> 00:49:46,889 But I think also there was also a feeling, 954 00:49:46,890 --> 00:49:49,709 not just in Germany, but also amongst the Allies, 955 00:49:49,710 --> 00:49:52,829 that you couldn't spend decade upon decade 956 00:49:52,830 --> 00:49:55,589 carrying out tens of thousands of man hunts 957 00:49:55,590 --> 00:49:57,100 for all these people. 958 00:50:01,830 --> 00:50:03,029 What Nuremberg represents 959 00:50:03,030 --> 00:50:05,609 to so many of these Nazis is a real reckoning 960 00:50:05,610 --> 00:50:08,729 that they never thought they were gonna receive. 961 00:50:08,730 --> 00:50:11,249 Maybe some of the smarter ones in the dying days of the war 962 00:50:11,250 --> 00:50:12,569 thought maybe, uh-oh. 963 00:50:12,570 --> 00:50:15,869 But actually the whole idea of the Reich was not meant 964 00:50:15,870 --> 00:50:16,830 to be a 12-year Reich. 965 00:50:16,831 --> 00:50:19,379 It was supposed to be a Thousand-Year Reich. 966 00:50:19,380 --> 00:50:20,999 And in fact, that what was gonna happen 967 00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:24,419 is that people were gonna be treating them as demigods, 968 00:50:24,420 --> 00:50:26,459 and statues would be erected 969 00:50:26,460 --> 00:50:28,439 and buildings enshrined to them, 970 00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:30,479 you know, for hundreds of years, 971 00:50:30,480 --> 00:50:33,359 not actually hanging from some grubby rope 972 00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:35,159 in the prison courtyard in Nuremberg, 973 00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:36,120 which is what happened to them. 974 00:50:36,121 --> 00:50:38,939 So they went from kind of being demigods 975 00:50:38,940 --> 00:50:41,403 to criminal lowlife very quickly. 976 00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:46,739 The Nuremberg trials represented a very important, 977 00:50:46,740 --> 00:50:51,419 unprecedented moment and a way for the Allied powers really 978 00:50:51,420 --> 00:50:55,019 to bring to justice some of those key Nazi leaders 979 00:50:55,020 --> 00:50:58,259 as representatives of key Nazi organizations 980 00:50:58,260 --> 00:50:59,579 who had carried out 981 00:50:59,580 --> 00:51:03,089 such unspeakably cruel acts of war crimes, 982 00:51:03,090 --> 00:51:06,809 crimes against humanity, and crimes against the peace. 983 00:51:06,810 --> 00:51:08,466 It was very radical at the time. 984 00:51:08,467 --> 00:51:10,019 There had never been 985 00:51:10,020 --> 00:51:12,569 an international criminal court like it. 986 00:51:12,570 --> 00:51:14,819 And so this was a kind of coming together 987 00:51:14,820 --> 00:51:17,489 of a lot of different legal systems, 988 00:51:17,490 --> 00:51:19,679 a lot of different political systems. 989 00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:21,839 But what it was saying to the world was, listen, 990 00:51:21,840 --> 00:51:23,669 these people who commit war crimes, 991 00:51:23,670 --> 00:51:25,619 these people who commit genocide, 992 00:51:25,620 --> 00:51:28,049 these people who commit crimes against humanity, 993 00:51:28,050 --> 00:51:31,743 they are never ever going to get away with it ever again.